List of modern parliamentary republics

Full parliamentary republics
Country	Head of state elected by	Cameral structure	Parliamentary republic adopted	Previous government form	Notes
Albania	Parliament, by three-fifths majority	Unicameral	1991	One-party state
Armenia	Parliament, by absolute majority	Unicameral	2018note	Semi-presidential republic
Austria	Direct election, by two-round system	Bicameral	1945	One-party state (as part of Nazi Germany, see Anschluss)
Bangladesh	Parliament	Unicameral	1991note	Presidential republic
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote	Bicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
Bulgaria	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state
Croatia	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	2000	Semi-presidential republic
Czech Republic	Direct election, by two-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)	Bicameral	1993	Parliamentary republic (part of Czechoslovakia)
Dominica	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1978	Associated state of the United Kingdom
Estonia	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Unicameral	1991note	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
Ethiopia	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Bicameral	1991	One-party state
Fiji	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	2014	Military dictatorship
Finland	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	2000note	Semi-presidential republic
Georgia	Electoral college (parliament and regional delegates), by absolute majority	Unicameral	2018note	Semi-presidential republic
Germany	Federal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority	Bicameral	1949note	One-party state
Greece	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1975	Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchy
Hungary	Parliament, by two-round	Unicameral	1990	One-party state
Iceland	Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote	Unicameral	1944	Constitutional monarchy (part of Denmark)
India	Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	1950	Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)
Iraq	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Unicameralnote	2005	One-party state
Ireland	Direct election, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	1949note	To 1936: Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion) 1936–1949: ambiguous
Israel	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	2001	Semi-parliamentary republic
Italy	Parliament and region delegates, by absolute majority	Bicameral	1946	Constitutional monarchy	Prime Minister is dependent on the confidence of both of the houses of Parliament.
Kosovo	Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots	Unicameral	2008	UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia)
Kyrgyzstan	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	2010	Presidential republic
Latvia	Parliament	Unicameral	1991note	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
Lebanon	Parliament	Unicameral	1941	Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)
Malta	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1974	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
Mauritius	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1992	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
Moldova	Direct election, by two-round system (since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)	Unicameral	2001	Semi-presidential republic
Montenegro	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	1992	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
Nepal	Parliament and state legislators	Bicameral	2015note	Constitutional monarchy
North Macedonia	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
Pakistan	Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	2010	Semi-presidential republic
Samoa	Parliament	Unicameral	1960	Trust Territory of New Zealand
Serbia	Direct election, by two-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
Singapore	Direct election (since 1993)	Unicameral	1965	State of Malaysia
Slovakia	Direct election, by two-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)	Unicameral	1993	Parliamentary Republic (part of Czechoslovakia)
Slovenia	Direct election, by two-round system	Bicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
Somalia	Parliament	Bicameral	2012note	One-party state
Trinidad and Tobago	Parliament	Bicameral	1976	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
Vanuatu	Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority	Unicameral	1980	British–French condominium (New Hebrides)
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
Country	Head of state elected by	Cameral structure	Parliamentary republic adopted	Previous government form	Notes
Botswana	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1966	British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)
Kiribati	Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote	Unicameral	1979	Protectorate
Marshall Islands	Parliament	Bicameral	1979	UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Nauru	Parliament	Unicameral	1968	UN Trusteeship between Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
South Africa	Parliament, by majority	Bicameral	1961	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
Assembly-independent systems
Country	Head of state elected by	Cameral structure	Parliamentary republic adopted	Previous government form	Notes
Federated States of Micronesia	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1986	UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Myanmar	Parliament, by an electoral college	Bicameral	2010	Military dictatorship
San Marino	Parliament	Unicameral	2010	?	Two collective heads of state and heads of government, the Captains Regent
Suriname	Parliament	Unicameral	1975	Constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Directorial systems
Country	Head of state elected by	Cameral structure	Parliamentary republic adopted	Previous government form	Notes
Switzerland	Parliament by exhaustive ballot at a joint sitting of both houses	Bicameral	1848	Confederation of states	Also has citizen-initiated referenda